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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:AdvPA5BC;color:#273C85">Gender inequalities among<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:AdvPA5BC;color:#273C85">authors who contributed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:AdvPA5BC;color:#273C85">equally<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:AdvPA5BC;color:#18A5DA">Abstract
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">We analyzed 2898 scientific papers published between 1995 and 2017 in which two or more authors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">shared the first author position. For papers in which the first and second authors made equal contributions, mixedgender<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">combinations were most frequent, followed by male-male and then female-female author combinations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">For mixed-gender combinations, more male authors were in the first position, although the disparity decreased<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">over time. For papers in which three or more authors made equal contributions, there were more male authors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">than female authors in the first position and more all-male than all-female author combinations. The gender<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">inequalities observed among authors who made equal contributions are not consistent with random or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">alphabetical ordering of authors. These results raise concerns about female authors not receiving proper credit for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">publications and suggest a need for journals to request clarity on the method used to decide author order among<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"AdvPA5BA",serif;color:black">those who contributed equally.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Felifesciences.org%2Farticles%2F36399%3Futm_source%3Dcontent_alert%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3Dfulltext%26utm_campaign%3D5-February-19-elife-alert&data=02%7C01%7C%7C6646f59ec78f45076c7008d68bad1bdf%7C9ef9f489e0a04eeb87cc3a526112fd0d%7C1%7C0%7C636849974142391426&sdata=Vxn7tRQoc5fcWtFi49OOzdcv7SPNn2YvGycat0hPNMw%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://elifesciences.org/articles/36399?utm_source=content_alert&utm_medium=email&utm_content=fulltext&utm_campaign=5-February-19-elife-alert" shash="Dd1PPcdlL5ZRB1NikjQWsQ/bJ0dJITE+9313kUzxwoOPbNWUnM8RuA2jfVWGBY5N1zyWuWyEyiyPvqI8J4l5MUkhiIXW1aLcr23l7+2T8kccPrQfwuh4nOgQPK/ghEflF0E/bejvmdRSHVyBlcbGwdGsDj/OMpWUepW8kgb/Es4=">https://elifesciences.org/articles/36399?utm_source=content_alert&utm_medium=email&utm_content=fulltext&utm_campaign=5-February-19-elife-alert</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;color:black">_____________________________________________________________________</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Ora A. Weisz, PhD | Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Clinical and Translational Science</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Vice Chair of Faculty Development, Department of Medicine</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Associate Dean for Faculty Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Assistant Vice Chancellor for Faculty Excellence, University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Renal-Electrolyte Division | 978.1 Scaife Hall | 3550 Terrace St. | Pittsburgh PA 15261</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Tel: 412-383-8891 | Email:
<a href="mailto:weisz@pitt.edu"><span style="color:blue">weisz@pitt.edu</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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