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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><h1><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'>Bias Persists for Women of Science, a Study Finds<o:p></o:p></span></h1><h6 style='mso-margin-top-alt:1.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:1.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:14.4pt'><b><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>By <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/kenneth_chang/index.html" title="More Articles by KENNETH CHANG">KENNETH CHANG</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></h6><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Science professors at American universities widely regard female undergraduates as less competent than male students with the same accomplishments and skills, a new study by researchers at <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/y/yale_university/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about Yale University.">Yale</a> concluded. </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>As a result, the report found, the professors were less likely to offer the women mentoring or a job. And even if they were willing to offer a job, the salary was lower. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>The bias was pervasive, the scientists said, and probably reflected subconscious cultural influences rather than overt or deliberate discrimination. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Female professors were just as biased against women students as their male colleagues, and biology professors just as biased as physics professors — even though more than half of biology majors are women, whereas men far outnumber women in physics. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>“I think we were all just a little bit surprised at how powerful the results were — that not only do the faculty in biology, chemistry and physics express these biases quite clearly, but the significance and strength of the results was really quite striking,” said <a href="http://bbs.yale.edu/molecularcell/people/jo_handelsman-2.profile">Jo Handelsman</a>, a professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology at Yale. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Dr. Handelsman was the senior author of <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1211286109" title=""Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.">an article reporting the findings</a>, published online on Monday by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'><a href="http://ki.mit.edu/people/faculty/hopkins">Nancy Hopkins</a>, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who has long talked about continuing barriers to women in science, described the study as “enormously important.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Dr. Hopkins said that small slights, accumulated over the course of a career, slowed many women of science. “They don’t have the confidence level to get to the top,” she said. “They’re getting undercut.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>She added, “People tend to think that the problem has gone away, but alas, it hasn’t.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Discussions of gender bias in science and mathematics have long been complicated by a host of factors — including whether women receive preferential treatment through affirmative action or whether innate differences indeed exist between men and women. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>To avoid such complications, the Yale researchers sought to design the simplest study possible. They contacted professors in the biology, chemistry and physics departments at six major research universities — three private and three public, unnamed in the study — and asked them to evaluate, as part of a study, an application from a recent graduate seeking a position as a laboratory manager. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>All of the professors received the same one-page summary, which portrayed the applicant as promising but not stellar. But in half of the descriptions, the mythical applicant was named John and in half the applicant was named Jennifer. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>About 30 percent of the professors, 127 in all, responded. (They were asked not to discuss the study with colleagues, limiting the chance that they would compare notes and realize its purpose.) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>On a scale of 1 to 7, with 7 being highest, professors gave John an average score of 4 for competence and Jennifer 3.3. John was also seen more favorably as someone they might hire for their laboratories or would be willing to mentor. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>The average starting salary offered to Jennifer was $26,508. To John it was $30,328. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>The bias had no relation to the professors’ age, sex, teaching field or tenure status. “There’s not even a hint of a difference there,” said Corinne Moss-Racusin, a postdoctoral social <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/psychology_and_psychologists/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="Recent and archival health news about psychology.">psychology</a> researcher who was the lead author of the paper. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Dr. Handelsman said previous studies had shown similar subconscious bias in other occupations. But when she discussed the concerns with other scientists, many responded that scientists would rise above it because they were trained to analyze objective data rationally. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>“I began to, on the one hand, wonder, ‘Well, perhaps that’s true: maybe people who are trained to be objective have some way of ferreting these out,’ ” she said. “But on the other hand, if scientists were no different from all the other groups that have been studied, that’s something that we should know.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#333333'><img border=0 width=3 height=1 id="Picture_x0020_2" 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style='line-height:15.0pt;background:white'><b><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;text-transform:uppercase'>More in Science </span></b><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#888888;text-transform:uppercase'>(5 of 26 articles)</span><b><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;text-transform:uppercase'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.75pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:13.6pt;background:white'><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/25/science/spotted-antbirds-feathered-freeloaders-at-the-ant-parade.html?src=un&feedurl=http%3A%2F%2Fjson8.nytimes.com%2Fpages%2Fscience%2Findex.jsonp">Basics: Feathered Freeloaders at the Ant Parade</a></span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=refer style='background:white'><span style='font-size:8.5pt'><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/25/science/spotted-antbirds-feathered-freeloaders-at-the-ant-parade.html?src=un&feedurl=http%3A%2F%2Fjson8.nytimes.com%2Fpages%2Fscience%2Findex.jsonp">Read More »</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#333333'>Close<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#333333'><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>_____________________________________________________________________</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>Ora A. Weisz, PhD | Professor of Medicine, Professor of Cell Biology </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>Vice Chair of Faculty Development, Department of Medicine</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>Assistant Dean for Faculty Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>Renal-Electrolyte Division | 978.1 Scaife Hall | 3550 Terrace St. | Pittsburgh PA 15261<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>Tel: 412-383-8891 | Fax: 412-383-8956 | Email: <a href="mailto:weisz@pitt.edu"><span style='color:blue'>weisz@pitt.edu</span></a> | website: weisz2.dept-med.pitt.edu<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>